Glossary

Contents [hide] Glossary 1st Generation Biofuels 2nd Generation Biofuels A Acid AEO Agrofuels Alkaline Alleopathy or Allopathy Alternative fuels Anaerobic Aniline Point Animal Unit (AU) Antenna Anthesis Apoplast Are Artemisinic Acid Ash ASTM Automobile Shredder Residue Autotroph B Barrel of Oil (BOE) Biochemical Conversion Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biocrude Biodiesel Biodiesel Yield Bioethanol Biofuel Biogas Bioheat Biomass Open-Loop Biomass Closed-Loop Biomass Biorefinery Biosolids Black Layer Black Liquor Bran BTL C C5 sugars C6 sugars CAFE Canola Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon Dioxide Equivalents (CO2 eq) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Catalytic Cracking Cellulase Cellulose Cetane Number CFI™ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Chlorophyll Fluorescence Cleantech Cloud Point Cofiring Commodity Covered Commodity Loan Commodity Soft Commodity Hard Commodity Commodity Loan Rate Conversion Factors for Oil Corn Stover Coppice Coprocessed Renewable Diesel Coarse Grains Counter-Cyclical Payment Crore Curcin D d.b.h. DDG Deadweight Tonnage Density Diesel Petrodiesel Biodiesel E-Diesel Renewable Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel or Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Direct Payment Double Haploid Dunum Drydown Duty Drawback E E10 E85 Endophyte Endosperm Energy Balance Energy Crop Energy Return on Investment, rE Environmental Justice Enzyme Estolides Ethanol Evapotranspiration Event F Fatty Acids Feedgrains Feedstocks Fermentation Flash Point Flexible-Fuel Vehicles FOB FOG Forage Forestland Fossil Fuel Gasohol G Gas Oil Atmospheric Gas Oil Vacuum Gas Oil Coker Gas Oil Gas-expanded liquids Gasification General Partner General Partnership Germ Global Warming Global Warming Potential (GWP) Glucose Grass Station Greenhouse Gases Green Power Greensnap Green Washing Growing Degree Days Growing Stock Gtoe H Handysize Heating Value Higher Heating Value Lower Heating Value Hemicellulose Heterosis Heterotroph Hog Fuel Hundredweight (Cwt or cwt) Hydrocarbon (HC) Hydrocracking Hydrolysis Income Support I Intercropping Iodine Value J Joule K Klason Lignin L Lakh Landed Cost Landfill Lignin Levulinic acid Lignocellulose Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery Limited Liability Company (LLC) Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Limited Partner Limited Partnership Lipid Liters vs Gallons Lower Heating Value (LHV) Lodging Luvisols M Margin of Safety Market Capitalization Marketing Bill Maturity Melt Point Methanation Methane Methyl-Tertiary Butyl Ester (MTBE) Mg MTBE Mtoe Mu Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) N Near-critical water Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Nucleosomes O Octane Number RON (F1) or Research Octane Number MON (F2) or Motor Octane Number (RON+MON)/2 OECD Oilseeds Olefin Oxygenate Ozone P Partnership Permanganate Lignin Petawatt Petroleum Plasmodesmata Polyploidy Polysaccharide Pour Point Product Inhibition Pyrolysis Q Quad R Reformulated gasoline Rendering Renewable Diesel Renewable Energy Source Residue S Safener Salt Priming Sawtimber Sclerenchyma Silage SRIC Stacking Steam Reforming Stillage Stover Substrate Supercritical fluids Symplast Syngas Synthetic Biology Syringol Syrup T Test Weight Thermochemical Conversion Timberland Tipping Fees Toe Transgene Transpiration Transuranic Triglyceride Triple Bottom Line U Unit Train V Vanillin Vinasse Viscosity W Water Gas Shift White Biotechnology Windrow X Xylose Z Zamak References

Glossary

1st Generation Biofuels

• A biofuel which is currently on the market such as sugarcane ethanol, starch-based or corn ethanol, biodiesel, and Pure Plant Oil. The feedstock source is sugar, starch, oil bearing crops, or animal fats
  (Jun 26, 2007, :: Task 39 :: About > Definitions, http://www.task39.org/About/Definitions/tabid/1761/Default.aspx)

2nd Generation Biofuels

• A biofuel which is produced from a non-food feedstock such as forest biomass or non-food crops. Includes cellulosic ethanol and Fischer-Tropsch fuels
  (Jan 20, 2010, Definition 2nd gen biofuels, http://www.task39.org/About/Definitions/tabid/1761/Default.aspx)

A

Acid

• An acid results in a pH lower than 7 when dissolved in water
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

AEO

• Annual Energy Outlook - A published "projection and analysis of US energy supply, demand, and prices"
  (Jul 31, 2007, Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Annual Energy Outlook with Projections to 2030, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/index.html)

Agrofuels

• Biofuels from purpose-grown land crops. Often used derisively
  • "We believe that the prefix bio, which comes from the Greek word for “life”, is entirely inappropriate for such anti-life devastation. So, following the lead of non-governmental organisations and social movements in Latin America, we shall not be talking about biofuels and green energy. Agrofuels is a much better term, we believe, to express what is really happening: agribusiness producing fuel from plants to sustain a wasteful, destructive and unjust global economy."
    (Jul 31, 2007, GRAIN | Agrofuels, http://www.grain.org/agrofuels/)
  • "Agrofuels are biofuels made from crops and trees grown specifically for that purpose on a large-scale, as well as biofuels from agricultural and forest residues that should be returned to the natural cycle because they play an important role in maintaining soil fertility and bio-diversity. Biofuels from true waste, such as biogas from manure or landfill, or waste vegetable oil, are not agrofuels. Biofuels from algae are not agrofuels either."
    (Oct 07, 2007, biofuelwatch: about us, http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/aboutus.php)
  • Used in the 2007 Biofuels report by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food
    (Nov 20, 2007, The Impact of Biofuels on the Right to Food UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, http://www.righttofood.org/A62289.pdf)

Alkaline

• A base results in a pH higher than 7 when dissolved in water
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Alleopathy or Allopathy

• "The detrimental effect of higher plants of one species on the germination, growth or development of plants of another species"
  (Sep 10, 2007, Polyculture Production, http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/ORG/01-34.pdf)
• Biochemical interactions between plants, either positive or negative
  (Sep 10, 2007, Polyculture Production, http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/ORG/01-34.pdf)

Alternative fuels

• US Department of Energy defines alternative fuels as "substantially nonpetroleum [fuels which] yield energy security and environmental benefits"
  (Jul 31, 2007, What is the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) definition of an alternative fuel?, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ddown.cgi?afdc/FAQ/1/0/0)

Anaerobic

• Living or active in the absence of free oxygen. Any bacterium that is anaerobic dies when exposed to the atmosphere, and therefore, is harmless to the environment or public health
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Aniline Point

• "A relative measure of the interval between the beginning of injection and autoignition of the fuel. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the delay interval and the greater its combustibility. Fuels with low Cetane Numbers will result in difficult starting, noise and exhaust smoke. In general, diesel engines will operate better on fuels with cetane numbers above 50."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)
  • Also known as Cetane Number
    (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

Animal Unit (AU)

• Equals 1,000 pounds of live animal weight or the weight of one beef cow
  (Dec 27, 2006, Managing Manure with Biograss Recovery Systems, http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/manage.pdf)

Antenna

• Assembly of photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, that collect light energy and transfer that energy for use by a photochemical reaction center
  (Dec 21, 2008, Optical Properties of Microalgae for Enhanced Biofuels Production, http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-16-26-21807&seq=0)
  • Pigment complexes are contained within photosystem I, PSI, and photosystem II, PSII
    (Dec 21, 2008, Optical Properties of Microalgae for Enhanced Biofuels Production, http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-16-26-21807&seq=0)
    • Antenna of PSII can contain up to 250 chlorophyll a and b molecules
      (Dec 21, 2008, Optical Properties of Microalgae for Enhanced Biofuels Production, http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-16-26-21807&seq=0)
    • PSI antenna can contain up to 300 mostly chlorophyll a molecules
      (Dec 21, 2008, Optical Properties of Microalgae for Enhanced Biofuels Production, http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-16-26-21807&seq=0)

Anthesis

• Stage of the plant where the flower is fully opened and most receptive to pollination and pollen release
  (Dec 11, 2008, Anthesis, http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_A/dictionary_anthesis.htm)

Apoplast

• Spaces between plant cells and in cell walls. Surrounds the symplast. A pathway for solute transport.
  (Sep 24, 2007, Water and Mineral Transport, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/X/Xylem.html)

  Reference Not Available
  Sep 24, 2007	Water and Mineral Transport	http://users.rcn.com

Are

• "An are is 100 square metres (1,076 sq ft)."
  (Jan 25, 2008, INTERVIEW-Japan's first rice ethanol plant sees 2009 start | Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUST33749)

Artemisinic Acid

• Isoprenoid derivative made by Artemisia annua
  (Jul 15, 2010, Aliphatic and Isoprenoid Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis for Diesel Fuels | Murley | MMG 445 Basic Biotechnology eJournal, http://ejournal.vudat.msu.edu/index.php/mmg445/article/viewArticle/386/351)
  • Precursor of artemisinic acid, farnesyl pyrophosphate, can be converted to farnesane a diesel fuel
    (Jul 15, 2010, Aliphatic and Isoprenoid Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis for Diesel Fuels | Murley | MMG 445 Basic Biotechnology eJournal, http://ejournal.vudat.msu.edu/index.php/mmg445/article/viewArticle/386/351)
    • Farnesyl pyrophosphate can also be converted to farnesol, another fuel
      (Jul 15, 2010, Aliphatic and Isoprenoid Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis for Diesel Fuels | Murley | MMG 445 Basic Biotechnology eJournal, http://ejournal.vudat.msu.edu/index.php/mmg445/article/viewArticle/386/351)

Ash

• "Metals contained in fuel. High concentrations of these materials can cause injector tip plugging, combustion deposits and injection system wear."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

ASTM

• "ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services."
  (Dec 19, 2007, ASTM International - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International)

Automobile Shredder Residue

• Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) also known as car fluff, automobile fluff or auto fluff is 25 to 30% of the residue remaining after the recycling of 75% of the end of life vehicle or ELV
  (Jun 10, 2010, Characterisation of automobile shredder residue, http://www.aidic.it/icheap9/webpapers/249Granata.pdf)(Jun 10, 2010, Stiftung Autorecycling, http://www.stiftung-autorecycling.ch/index_e.php?page=resh)

  Jun 10, 2010	Characterisation of automobile shredder residue	http://www.aidic.it
  Jun 10, 2010	Stiftung Autorecycling	http://www.stiftung-autorecycling.ch

  • ASR consists of 70% plastic, rubber and tissue, 20% metals, and 10% glass and other rubbles
    (Jun 10, 2010, Characterisation of automobile shredder residue, http://www.aidic.it/icheap9/webpapers/249Granata.pdf)
  • In the European Union ASR is classified as hazardous waste due to its heterogeneous and variable composition
    (Jun 10, 2010, Characterisation of automobile shredder residue, http://www.aidic.it/icheap9/webpapers/249Granata.pdf)
    • Generally disposed of in landfills
      (Jun 10, 2010, Characterisation of automobile shredder residue, http://www.aidic.it/icheap9/webpapers/249Granata.pdf)
  • Car fluff is obtained from the process of shredding cars after recovery of iron and steel by magnetic separation
    (Jun 10, 2010, Characterisation of automobile shredder residue, http://www.aidic.it/icheap9/webpapers/249Granata.pdf)
    • Can be used for syngas production, for energy recovery in a cement kiln, and as feedstock in a blast furnace
      (Jun 10, 2010, Characterisation of automobile shredder residue, http://www.aidic.it/icheap9/webpapers/249Granata.pdf)

Autotroph

• Organisms such as plants that can make their own food
  (Jul 17, 2008, Prokaryotes, http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Prokaryotes/prokaryo.htm)
  • Plants and Cyanobacteria can make their own food using photosynthesis
    (Jul 17, 2008, Prokaryotes, http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Prokaryotes/prokaryo.htm)

B

Barrel of Oil (BOE)

• A barrel of oil is a term that originated in the US and is commonly heard nowadays. For those who prefer the metric system, one barrel of oil is equal to 159 liters (35 gallons)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Biochemical Conversion

• Breakdown of biomass into its component sugars using thermal, chemical or enzymatic processes and subsequent biological fermentation of the sugars into ethanol, butanol, methane or other fuel
  (Mar 15, 2010, State Bioenergy Primer - Information and Resources for States on Issues, Opportunities, and Options for Advancing Bioenergy, http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P10054EM.PDF)
  • Steps include pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, product separation
    (Mar 15, 2010, State Bioenergy Primer - Information and Resources for States on Issues, Opportunities, and Options for Advancing Bioenergy, http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P10054EM.PDF)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• Represents the oxygen used during decomposition of organic matter by microbes
  (Oct 22, 2007, Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States, http://Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States)

Biocrude

• "A higher energy-density hydrocarbon-containing stream that needs further refinement." Term by ConocoPhillips and Archer Daniels Midland
  (Oct 03, 2007, ADM-ConocoPhillips Add 'Biocrude' to Biofuels Lexicon, http://www.grainnet.com/articles/ADM-ConocoPhillips_Add__Biocrude__to_Biofuels_Lexicon-48919.html)
  • "Biocrude is created by heating the feedstock until it becomes a substance similar to crude petroleum oil"
    (Oct 03, 2007, ADM-ConocoPhillips Add 'Biocrude' to Biofuels Lexicon, http://www.grainnet.com/articles/ADM-ConocoPhillips_Add__Biocrude__to_Biofuels_Lexicon-48919.html)
  • Can be transported through existing pipelines
    (Oct 03, 2007, ADM-ConocoPhillips Add 'Biocrude' to Biofuels Lexicon, http://www.grainnet.com/articles/ADM-ConocoPhillips_Add__Biocrude__to_Biofuels_Lexicon-48919.html)

Biodiesel

• A diesel fuel substitute, additive or extender composed of mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids. Biodiesel is typically made from seed oils such as soy bean, rapeseed and sunflower or animal fats
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)(Jan 08, 2008, What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel, http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Co-Processing%20One%20Pager.pdf)

  Feb 01, 2007	Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms	http://biomass.novozymes.com
  Jan 08, 2008	What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel	http://www.biodiesel.org

  • Meets the fuel specification standards of ASTM D6751
    (Jan 08, 2008, What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel, http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Co-Processing%20One%20Pager.pdf)
  • There are three standard blends: Biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 where the number indicates the percentage of biodiesel in the finished fuel
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Biodiesel Yield

• "Biodiesel yield = oil yield x 0.8 approx."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Vegetable oil yields, characteristics: Journey to Forever, http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html)

Bioethanol

• Ethanol made from a variety of organic materials including biomass and the traditional feedstocks (starch and sugar crops)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • Ethanol is generally blended with gasoline at a ratio of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline - E10
    (Jan 20, 2010, Ethanol blend, http://www.scribd.com/doc/13359787/Experimental-determination-of-suitable-ethanolgasoline-blend-rate-at-high-compression-ratio-for-gasoline-engine)
  • Ethanol can also be used in higher concentrations such as E85 or in its pure form
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Biofuel

• A renewable energy source. There are two main types of biofuel: ethanol and biodiesel
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
• A common term used for all liquid fuels for transportation, such as ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • In the biofuel E10 the number after the letter represents the percentage of ethanol (or biodiesel in the case of B10) in the fuel
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Biogas

• A methane-rich gas, which is produced by the fermentation of animal dung, human sewage or crop residues
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • It is used as a fuel to heat stoves, lamps, run small machines and to generate electricity
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • Biogas fuels do not usually cause pollution, and because they come from renewable energy resources they have great potential for future use
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Bioheat

• "Bioheat® is a registered trademark for heating oil blended with varying percentages of biodiesel for use in conventional oil burners."
  (Jul 11, 2008, Northeast Biofuels Collaborative, http://www.nebiofuels.org/bioheat.html)
  • See also Bioheat

Biomass

• Organic materials that can be used to produce energy or converted into a gas and used for fuel
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Biomass sources include forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes, fast-growing trees and plants, and municipal and industrial wastes
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Open-Loop Biomass

• Any solid, nonhazardous, cellulosic waste material which is segregated from other waste materials and which is derived from a variety of sources
  (Jan 20, 2010, Definition open-loop biomass, http://finance.senate.gov/Technical%20Correction%2005/Comments%20on%20Tax%20Technical%20Corrections-%20Finance.pdf)
  • Forest-related resources as mill residues, pre-commercial thinnings, slash, and brush
    (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
  • Solid wood waste materials, including waste pallets, crates, manufacturing and construction wood wastes (other than pressure-treated, chemically-treated, or painted wood wastes), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings
    (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
  • Not including municipal solid waste (garbage)
    (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
  • Gas derived from the biodegradation of solid waste, or paper that is commonly recycled
    (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
  • Agricultural sources, including orchard tree crops, vineyard, grain, legumes, sugar, and other crop by-products or residues
    (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Closed-Loop Biomass

• Any organic material from a plant, which is planted exclusively for purposes of being used to produce electricity
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Biorefinery

• "The biorefinery integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power and chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery works much like a petroleum refinery, which produces multiple fuels and products from petroleum. Its goal is to use all components of biomass to make a range of foods, fuels, chemicals, feeds, materials, heat and power in proportions that maximize economic return." Requires integration of the following areas
  (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • genomics and biotechnology
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • advanced separation science and engineering
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • catalysis, nanotechnology and polymer science
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • lignin, polysaccharide and green chemistry
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • process chemistry and engineering
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • power generation
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)
  • life-cycle analysis
    (Jul 31, 2007, GT Research Horizons -- Spring/Summer 2006, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-ss06/ragauskas.html)

Biosolids

• Biosolids are complex mixtures that can contain pollutants from household, commercial and industrial wastewaters with organic contaminants (such as pharmaceuticals), inorganic contaminants (metals and trace elements) and pathogens (bacteria, viruses and parasites). Depending upon the extent of treatment, biosolids are often applied such areas as farms, parks, golf courses, lawns and home gardens
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Black Layer

• Develops at the tip of a mature kernel
  (Jul 13, 2007, Interpreting Hybrid Maturity Ratings (Purdue Univ.), http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/articles.02/Hybrid_Maturity-0506.html)

Black Liquor

• Mixture of spent cooking chemicals and dissolved wood material remaining after sulphate cooking
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Papermaking industry byproduct formed during the pulping of wood
  (Jan 25, 2008, Black Liquor, http://www.et.byu.edu/~larryb/BlackLiquor.htm)
  • During extraction lignin is separated from cellulose
    (Jan 25, 2008, Black Liquor, http://www.et.byu.edu/~larryb/BlackLiquor.htm)
  • Black liquor is the combination of the chemicals used in the extraction process and the lignin residue with water
    (Jan 25, 2008, Black Liquor, http://www.et.byu.edu/~larryb/BlackLiquor.htm)
• Represents the fifth large source of energy in the US
  (Jan 25, 2008, Black Liquor, http://www.et.byu.edu/~larryb/BlackLiquor.htm)

Bran

• The seed coat of the corn kernel
  (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)

BTL

• Acronym for Biomass-to-Liquids process
  (Jul 12, 2007, Literature Review State of the Art in Biorefinery Development, http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl)
  • Process of turning biomass to syngas and syngas to liquid fuels and chemicals using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
    (Jul 12, 2007, Literature Review State of the Art in Biorefinery Development, http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl)

C

C5 sugars

• 5-carbon sugars (pentoses) include xylose, ribose
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

C6 sugars

• 6-carbon sugars (hexoses) include glucose
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

CAFE

• "Corporate Average Fuel Economy is the sales weighted average fuel economy, expressed in miles per gallon (mpg), of a manufacturer’s fleet of passenger cars or light trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 8,500 lbs. or less, manufactured for sale in the United States, for any given model year. Fuel economy is defined as the average mileage traveled by an automobile per gallon of gasoline (or equivalent amount of other fuel) consumed as measured in accordance with the testing and evaluation protocol set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency."
  (Dec 04, 2007, C A F E Overview, http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm)

Canola

• "Canola (a trademarked brand name) is a variety of rapeseed that was developed in the early 1970s using traditional plant breeding techniques by Canadian plant breeders to remove the anti-nutritional components (erucic acid and glucosinolates) from rapeseed to assure its safety for human and animal consumption"
  (Sep 29, 2007, Soybean and Oilseed Facts, http://www.soyatech.com/soy_oilseed_facts.htm)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

• A colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Plants use it as a food
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
• A greenhouse gas
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Carbon Dioxide Equivalents (CO2 eq)

• "A universal standard of measurement against which the impacts of releasing (or avoiding the release of) different greenhouse gases can be evaluated" based on the global warming potentials (GWP) of the gases of interest
  (Aug 18, 2007, IETA - International Emissions Trading Association, http://www.ieta.org/ieta/www/pages/index.php?IdSitePage=123)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• A toxic inflammable gas produced during the incomplete combustion of most material containing carbon (e.g. in gasoline engines). Its effect on human health can be serious
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Catalytic Cracking

• A high-temperature, low-pressure catalytic process for converting long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain hydrocarbons useful for fuel use. Commonly used catalysts incude zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, treated bentonite clay, fuller's earth, bauxite and silica-alumina
  (Jan 09, 2008, Cracking - Encyclopedia of Earth, http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cracking)

Cellulase

• A family of enzymes that break down cellulose into simple sugars
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Cellulose

• A polysaccharide carbohydrate composed of beta-1,4 linked glucose units
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • Cellulose is the main consituent of plant cell walls and is the most common organic compound on earth
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Cetane Number

• A measure of the ignition delay of diesel fuels. The higher the number the shorter the delay
  (Dec 28, 2007, How does cetane number affect diesel engine operation?, http://www.fuelmagic.net/Cetane%20Booster.html)(Dec 28, 2007, BP Ultimate UK - Higher cetane, http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=4005623&contentId=7009145)

  Dec 28, 2007	How does cetane number affect diesel engine operation?	http://www.fuelmagic.net
  Dec 28, 2007	BP Ultimate UK - Higher cetane	http://www.bp.com

  • Also known as Aniline Point
    (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

CFI™

• The Carbon Financial Instrument™ (CFI™) contract is the commodity traded at the Chicago Climate Exchange, Inc. (CCX). Each CFI represents 100 metric tons of CO2 equivalent and is composed of exchange allowances and exchange offsets. Allowances are issued to CCX members that reduce emissions beyond their target level. Offsets are generated by funding verified offset projects
  (Aug 15, 2007, Chicago Climate Exchange, http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/content.jsf?id=821)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

• The amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize organic compounds in water to inorganic compounds. Gives a rapid approximation of the amount of organic material in water. Measured in milligrams per liter
  (Mar 14, 2008, GTOS :: TEMS database, http://www.fao.org/gtos/tems/variable_show.jsp?VARIABLE_ID=123)

Chlorophyll Fluorescence

• Occurs when the absorbed light energy is greater than what is needed for photochemistry
  (Jul 05, 2010, Oxygen Electrode & Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement Systems, http://www.hansatech-instruments.com/fluorescence_products.htm)
  • The energy is dissipated by non-photochemical means such as re-emission of small amounts of absorbed radiation as longer wavelength re/far-red light energy
    (Jul 05, 2010, Oxygen Electrode & Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement Systems, http://www.hansatech-instruments.com/fluorescence_products.htm)
  • Re-emission of light is chlorophyll fluorescence
    (Jul 05, 2010, Oxygen Electrode & Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement Systems, http://www.hansatech-instruments.com/fluorescence_products.htm)

Cleantech

• "Cleantech is new technology and related business models offering competitive returns for investors and customers while providing solutions to global challenges. Where greentech, or envirotech, represents the highly regulatory driven, "end-of–pipe" technology of the past with limited opportunity for attractive returns, cleantech is driven by market economics therefore offering greater financial upside and sustainability."
  (Nov 14, 2007, Cleantech Network" - Cleantech Defined - Flash Player Installation, http://cleantechnetwork.com/index.cfm?pageSRC=CleantechDefined)
  • Products, services, and processes should "provide superior performance at lower costs, greatly reduce or eliminate negative ecological impact, and improve the productive and responsible use of natural resources"
    (Nov 14, 2007, Cleantech Network" - Cleantech Defined - Flash Player Installation, http://cleantechnetwork.com/index.cfm?pageSRC=CleantechDefined)
  • Sectors include "energy generation, energy storage, energy infrastructure, energy efficiency, transportation, water & wastewater, air & environment, materials, manufacturing and industrial, agriculture, recycling & waste"
    (Nov 14, 2007, Cleantech Network" - Cleantech Defined - Flash Player Installation, http://cleantechnetwork.com/index.cfm?pageSRC=CleantechDefined)

Cloud Point

• "The temperature at which an oil starts to solidify. While operating an engine at temperatures below an oil’s cloud point, heating will be necessary in order to avoid waxing of the fuel."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

Cofiring

• Partial substitution of coal as a main fuel in a utility boiler with biomass or waste
  (Jul 23, 2007, Untitled Document, http://www.ieabcc.nl/database/cofiring.html)

Commodity

• "When an economist, economics professor, or economics textbook talks about a commodity, they mean a good that possesses the following properties - 1- usually produced and/or sold by many different companies, and 2- Is uniform in quality between companies that produce/sell it. You cannot tell the difference between one firm's product and another."
  (Dec 04, 2007, What is a Commodity?, http://economics.about.com/od/commodityprices/f/commodity.htm)

Covered Commodity

• According to the 2002 Farm Bill, covered commodities are wheat, corn, Grain Sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, rice, soybeans, and other oilseeds
  (Dec 04, 2007, No title, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ171.107)

Loan Commodity

• According to the 2002 Farm Bill, loan commodities are wheat, corn, Grain Sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, extra long staple cotton, rice, soybeans, sunflower seed, rapeseed, canola, safflower, flaxseed, mustard seed, wool, mohair, honey, dry peas, lentils, and small chickpeas
  (Dec 04, 2007, No title, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ171.107)

Soft Commodity

• "A set of commodities, usually including cocoa, sugar, and coffee. Cotton, orange juice, and grains are sometimes also considered soft commodities."
  (Dec 11, 2007, soft commodity Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/5791/soft_commodity.html)
• "A commodity such as coffee, cocoa, sugar and fruit. This term generally refers to commodities that are grown, rather than mined."
  (Dec 11, 2007, Soft Commodity, http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/softcommodity.asp)

Hard Commodity

• "A hard commodity is a commodity such as ferrous and non-ferrous metals, or coal. This term generally refers to commodities that are mined, rather than grown."
  (Dec 11, 2007, Hard commodity - encyclopedia article about Hard commodity., http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hard+commodity)

Commodity Loan Rate

• "The price per unit (pound, bushel, bale, or hundredweight) at which the Commodity Credit Corporation provides commodity-secured loans to farmers for a specified period of time."
  (Aug 03, 2007, The 2002 Farm Bill: Glossary, http://www.ers.usda.gov/features/farmbill/2002glossary.htm)

Conversion Factors for Oil

• The heat content of crude oil from different countries varies from about 5.6 million Btu (MBtu) per barrel to about 6.3 MBtu
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• The heat content of typical petroleum products varies even more
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• A nominal conversion factor is sometimes used for a barrel of crude oil, which is close to its actual average energy content:
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
  • 1 barrel of oil equivalent = 5.80 MBtu
    (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• With this definition, a correspondence can be established between millions of barrels of oil per day (Mbd) and quads per year:
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• 1 Mbd = 0.0058 x 365 = 2.12 quad/yr
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• Which is sometimes rounded off to: 1 Mbd = 2 quad/yr
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• An energy equivalence for oil can also be specified in terms of energy per metric ton (tonne)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• Oil mass is commonly specified in tonnes even in U.S. literature
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• The number of barrels of crude oil per tonne varies widely, depending upon the source
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• For 1993, the EIA has reported values varying from well under 7 barrels/tonne for some countries to over 8 barrels/tonne for others
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• For the United States, the average was 7.33 barrels/tonne
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• This average, together with the nominal equivalence of 5.8 MBtu/bbl, corresponds to a heat content for crude oil of 42.5 MBtu/tonne
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• There are differing definitions in the literature of a tonne of oil equivalent (toe)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• In OECD/IEA publications it is set equal to 10.0 kcal (IT), while in other publications it is set equal to 10.7 x 10 to the 6th kcal (thermochemical)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• These choices correspond, respectively, to the items below
  (Sep 23, 2008, Hart Energy Conferences - Expert Coverage of the Global Energy Industry, http://hartenergyconferences.com/index.php?area=details&confID=65)
• 1 toe = 1.00 x 10 to the 10th cal (IT) = 41.868 GJ = 39.68 MBtu (IT)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• Or 1 toe = 1.07 x 10 to the10th cal (thermochemical) = 44.769 GJ = 42.46 MBtu (thermochemical)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• The megatonne of oil equivalent (Mtoe), equal to 4.1868 x 10 to the 16th J, is used as the general unit to describe the energy content of all fuels
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• A corresponding larger unit, the gigatonne of oil equivalent (Gtoe) can be related to the exajoule and quad:
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• 1 Gtoe = 41.868 EJ = 39.68 quad
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)

Corn Stover

• Corncobs and corn stalks, the agricultural residue remaining from the growing of corn
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Coppice

• "A method of cutting certain species of trees to encourage them to regrow from the remaining stump. A tree that coppices readily does not require frequent replanting and is, therefore, useful for producing fuel and poles."
  (Sep 24, 2007, Glossary for agroforestry - C, http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-c.html)
• "Shoot developed from a dormant bud on a main trunk."
  (Sep 24, 2007, Glossary for agroforestry - C, http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-c.html)
• "A small wood regularly cut over for regrowth. Also called a copse."
  (Sep 24, 2007, Glossary for agroforestry - C, http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-c.html)

Coprocessed Renewable Diesel

• Fuel that is produced by the addition of plant oils or animal fats in the petroleum refining process.
  (Jan 08, 2008, What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel, http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Co-Processing%20One%20Pager.pdf)
• Produced in existing oil refineries
  (Jan 08, 2008, What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel, http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Co-Processing%20One%20Pager.pdf)

Coarse Grains

• "Coarse grains generally refers to cereal grains other than wheat and rice — in the OECD countries, those used primarily for animal feed or brewing."
  (May 23, 2008, OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Coarse grains Definition, http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=369)

Counter-Cyclical Payment

• "Counter-cyclical payments are available to eligible commodities under the 2002 Farm Act whenever the effective commodity price is less than the target price. The effective price is equal to the sum of 1- the higher of the national average farm price for the marketing year, or the commodity national loan rate and 2- the direct payment rate for the commodity. The payment amount for a farmer equals the product of the payment rate, the payment acres, and the payment yield. Payments are considered counter-cyclical since they vary inversely with market prices."
  (Aug 03, 2007, The 2002 Farm Bill: Glossary, http://www.ers.usda.gov/features/farmbill/2002glossary.htm)

Crore

• 1 crore equals 100 lakh or 10,000,000
  (Nov 23, 2007, Cotton on the Net - Conversion Factors, http://www.cotton-net.com/information/conversion_factors.php)
  • 1 lakh equals 100,000
    (Nov 23, 2007, Cotton on the Net - Conversion Factors, http://www.cotton-net.com/information/conversion_factors.php)
    • As in 325 lakh hectares

Curcin

• "A phytotoxin (toxalbumin), found mainly in the seeds and also in the fruit and sap" of Jatropha
  (Sep 29, 2007, Jatropha multifida (PIM 646), http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/plant/jatropha/jmulti.htm)

D

d.b.h.

• Diameter at Breast Height - Tree d.b.h. is measured on the outside bark diameter at 4.5 feet (1.37m) above the forest floor on the uphill side of the tree.
  (Jul 31, 2007, D.B.H. (Diameter Breast Height), http://forestry.about.com/cs/glossary/g/dbh.htm)

DDG

• Dried distillers grains, the solid residue from fermentation of endosperm
  (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)
  • As opposed to the syrup which is the liquid residue from fermentation of endosperm
    (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)

Deadweight Tonnage

• A measure of how much mass or weight a ship can carry
  (Apr 30, 2008, Deadweight tonnage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage)
  • Includes cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, and crew
    (Apr 30, 2008, Deadweight tonnage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage)
  • Deadweight gopal tonnage, also known as deadweight and variously abbreviated as DWT, D.W.T., d.w.t., and dwt
    (Apr 30, 2008, Deadweight tonnage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage)

Density

• "Weight per unit volume. Oils that are denser contain more energy. For example, petrol and diesel fuels give comparable energy by weight, but diesel is denser and hence gives more energy per litre."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

Diesel

• Any of various liquid fuels used in the engine type designed by Rudolf Diesel
  • Usually refers to petrodiesel

Petrodiesel

• A methyl ester fuel refined from petroleum
  (Sep 28, 2007, Biodiesel.org - Biodiesel 101, http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/biodiesel_basics/)

Biodiesel

• "Consists of fatty acid methyl esters and is made from vegetable oil, animal fat, or waste grease"
  (Sep 28, 2007, NREL: Nonpetroleum Based Fuels - Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel, http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/renewable_diesel.html)
  • "Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products -- methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually sold to be used in soaps and other products)."
    (Sep 28, 2007, Biodiesel.org - Biodiesel 101, http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/biodiesel_basics/)
  • "Can be directly substituted for diesel either as neat fuel (B100) or as an oxygenate additive (typically 20%-B20). B20 earns credits for alternative fuel use under the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and it's the only fuel that does not require the purchase of a new vehicle"
    (Sep 28, 2007, Biomass Program: Renewable Diesel Fuel, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/renewable_diesel.html)
  • "In Europe, the largest producer and user of biodiesel, the fuel is usually made from rapeseed (canola) oil. In the United States, the second largest producer and user of biodiesel, the fuel is usually made from soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease."
    (Sep 28, 2007, Biomass Program: Renewable Diesel Fuel, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/renewable_diesel.html)

E-Diesel

• "E-Diesel is a fuel that uses additives in order to allow blending of ethanol with diesel. It includes ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5% special additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel from separating at very low temperatures or if water contamination occurs."
  (Sep 28, 2007, Biomass Program: Renewable Diesel Fuel, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/renewable_diesel.html)

Renewable Diesel

• A general term for all nonpetroleum diesels that use biomass, plant or animal-based feedstocks
  (Sep 28, 2007, NREL: Nonpetroleum Based Fuels - Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel, http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/renewable_diesel.html)(Oct 08, 2007, Neste Oil NExBTL Renewable Synthetic Diesel, http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:9Fce_OGmxWoJ:www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2006-06-27%2B28_symposium/presentations/CalHodge_handout_NESTE_OIL.PDF+%22renewable+diesel%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us)

  Sep 28, 2007	NREL: Nonpetroleum Based Fuels - Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel	http://www.nrel.gov
  Oct 08, 2007	Neste Oil NExBTL Renewable Synthetic Diesel	http://209.85.165.104

• May refer to fuels made using proprietary processes and using animal fats or vegetable oils as feedstock
  (Sep 28, 2007, Renewable diesel -- the next best biofuel? - MarketWatch, http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/renewable-diesel----next-best/story.aspx?guid=%7B153EB441-1D65-4759-AC23-8AD1D0A84FC8%7D)
  • "Renewable diesel is chemically equivalent to conventional diesel and can be shipped through a conventional pipeline"
    (Sep 28, 2007, Renewable diesel -- the next best biofuel? - MarketWatch, http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/renewable-diesel----next-best/story.aspx?guid=%7B153EB441-1D65-4759-AC23-8AD1D0A84FC8%7D)
  • "Renewable diesel and biodiesel use similar feedstocks such as animal fats and vegetable oils, but have different processing methods and create chemically different products"
    (Sep 28, 2007, Renewable diesel -- the next best biofuel? - MarketWatch, http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/renewable-diesel----next-best/story.aspx?guid=%7B153EB441-1D65-4759-AC23-8AD1D0A84FC8%7D)

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel or Gas-to-Liquid Diesel

• Using a Fischer-Tropsch process, natural gas or biogas (derived from biomass) is converted to liquid fuels which can be refined into gasoline and diesel
  (Sep 28, 2007, NREL: Nonpetroleum Based Fuels - Gas-to-Liquid Fuels, http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/gas_liquid.html)
  • "Typical GTL diesel fuels have near zero sulfur and aromatic content and very high cetane numbers."
    (Sep 28, 2007, NREL: Nonpetroleum Based Fuels - Gas-to-Liquid Fuels, http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/gas_liquid.html)

Direct Payment

• "Fixed payments provided under the 2002 Farm Act for eligible producers of wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum, oats, upland cotton, rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, and peanuts. Producers enroll annually in the program to receive payments based on payment rates specified in the 2002 Farm Act and their historic program payment acres and yields."
  (Aug 03, 2007, The 2002 Farm Bill: Glossary, http://www.ers.usda.gov/features/farmbill/2002glossary.htm)

Double Haploid

• Plants derived from sporophytes carrying haploid chromosome number (n) that are subsequently doubled (2n)
  (Sep 18, 2007, ScienceDirect - Trends in Plant Science : The resurgence of haploids in higher plants, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4P5RW3J-5&_user=10&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e81c103b1000d30f351143ed30b75bb7)

Dunum

• "A traditional unit of land area in the Middle East and the Balkans. The unit is of Turkish origin, but it seems to be obsolete in modern Turkey. As it is commonly used today in Israel and Palestine and in Croatia and other areas of the former Yugoslavia, the dunum is a metric unit equal to 1000 square meters or 0.1 hectare (about 0.2471 acre). The traditional size seems to have been around 900 square meters. In Mesopotamia and Arabia, the dunum was a larger unit, traditionally in the range of 2500 to 4000 square meters. In modern Iraq, the dunum is now standardized at 2500 square meters (about 0.6179 acre)"
  (Jan 20, 2010, Definition dunam, http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/dunum.htm)
• Also spelled 'donum'
  (Jan 04, 2008, Units: D, http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictD.html)

Drydown

• "The rate of moisture loss from the corn grain after black layer. Environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and wind, along with genetic factors including grain density and husk coverage, all contribute to rate of drydown."
  (Jul 13, 2007, Corn Seed, Seed Corn Company, Hybrid Corn, Corn Yields, ICORN.com, http://www.icorn.com/def_drydown.aspx)

Duty Drawback

• Earliest drawback provisions in US customs law
  (Dec 08, 2007, BRAZIL: Loophole hurt U.S. ethanol prices | DesMoinesRegister.com | The Des Moines Register, http://desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071018/BUSINESS01/710180388/1029/BUSINESS)
  • A US law that allows companies that sell jet fuel, in this specific case, to import ethanol without paying the tariff
    (Dec 08, 2007, BRAZIL: Loophole hurt U.S. ethanol prices | DesMoinesRegister.com | The Des Moines Register, http://desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071018/BUSINESS01/710180388/1029/BUSINESS)
    • Costs USD 4.4 million per year in tax revenue
      (Dec 08, 2007, BRAZIL: Loophole hurt U.S. ethanol prices | DesMoinesRegister.com | The Des Moines Register, http://desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071018/BUSINESS01/710180388/1029/BUSINESS)

E

E10

• A mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline based on volume
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)(Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

  Feb 01, 2007	BRI Energy: Public Policy	http://www.brienergy.com
  Feb 01, 2007	Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms	http://biomass.novozymes.com

E85

• A mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline based on volume
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)(Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

  Feb 01, 2007	BRI Energy: Public Policy	http://www.brienergy.com
  Feb 01, 2007	Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms	http://biomass.novozymes.com

Endophyte

• "Microorganisms that spend most of their life cycles inside plant tissues without causing symptoms of plant damage"
  (Sep 24, 2007, Anaerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Consortia Consisting of Clostridia Isolated from Gramineous Plants -- Minamisawa et al. 70 (5): 3096 -- Applied and Environmental Microbiology, http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/5/3096)

Endosperm

• The starch fraction of the corn kernel
  (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)

Energy Balance

• The ratio of the energy needed to produce a fuel to that fuel’s energy output
  (Dec 04, 2007, Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues: Open CRS Network - CRS Reports for the People, http://www.opencrs.com/document/RL33290/)

Energy Crop

• A crop grown specifically for its fuel value. These include food crops such as corn and sugarcane, and nonfood crops such as poplar trees and switchgrass. Energy crops are the raw materials used to produce ethanol
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Energy Return on Investment, r_E

• The ratio of energy in a liter of ethanol to the nonrenewable energy required to make it
  (Aug 13, 2007, Ethanol's Energy Return on Investment A Survey of the Literature 1990 to present, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/estreviewofethanollca.pdf)
  • r_E = E_out divided by E_in
    (Aug 13, 2007, Ethanol's Energy Return on Investment A Survey of the Literature 1990 to present, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/estreviewofethanollca.pdf)

Environmental Justice

• The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies
  (Jul 10, 2007, Design and Construction of a Proposed Fuel Ethanol Plant Jasper County IN, http://www.eh.doe.gov/nepa/ea/EA1517/EA-1517.pdf)

Enzyme

• A protein or protein-based molecule that speeds up chemical reactions occurring in living things
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • Enzymes act as catalysts for a single reaction, converting a specific set of reactants into specific products. For more general information about enzymes and what they can do, visit the Novozymes web site
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Enzymes are active proteins that can increase (catalyze) the rate of biochemical reactions. Enzymes are natural chemicals created and used by living organisms (bacteria) but are themselves nonliving. The bacteria used in the BRI Process is anaerobic
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Estolides

• Biodegradable, renewable, nontoxic, vegetable fluids with excellent low temperature, lubrication and oxidation stability properties
  (Aug 04, 2008, Evaluation of Castor and Lesquerella Oil Derivatives as Additives in Biodiesel and Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Fuels, http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/14431/1/IND44053158.pdf)
  • Produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid moiety of one fatty acid with a site of unsaturation on another fatty acid, forming a secondary ester linkage
    (Aug 04, 2008, Evaluation of Castor and Lesquerella Oil Derivatives as Additives in Biodiesel and Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Fuels, http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/14431/1/IND44053158.pdf)
  • Can be used in cosmetics, greases, coatings, inks, plastics, lubricants and surfactants
    (Aug 04, 2008, Evaluation of Castor and Lesquerella Oil Derivatives as Additives in Biodiesel and Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Fuels, http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/14431/1/IND44053158.pdf)

Ethanol

• An alcohol compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2OH formed during sugar fermentation
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Ethyl alcohol produced by fermentation and distillation
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Ethanol is a liquid fuel that derives from plant matter. It is a sustainable resource that can be produced domestically and can be replenished indefinitely
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
• The blending of ethanol with gasoline, or its use in place of gasoline or diesel fuel, supports the U.S. economy and contributes to energy independence (KO363) Vehicles running on blends of ethanol and gasoline, using ethanol as an oxygenate, produce significantly fewer harmful emissions than vehicles burning gasoline
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
• nlike petroleum-based fuels, ethanol produces no net carbon dioxide emissions
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Evapotranspiration

• Sum of evaporation and transpiration
  (Jul 31, 2008, The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration, from USGS Water Science for Schools, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html)
  • Includes water lost by evaporation from the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, water lost from the ground surface, and transpiration of groundwater by plants
    (Jul 31, 2008, The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration, from USGS Water Science for Schools, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html)
    • Plant roots can reach the capillary fringe of the groundwater table
      (Jul 31, 2008, The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration, from USGS Water Science for Schools, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html)
  • Transpiration is the release of water from plant leaves
    (Jul 31, 2008, The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration, from USGS Water Science for Schools, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html)

Event

• Insertion of selected genetic material into a plant. Each event can vary due to different markers, promoters and location of insertion even if the same gene is transferred
  (Jul 17, 2007, Transgenic Plants Insertion of Foregin Genes to Improve a Plant's Usability, http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/Entomology/Bt_Folder/transgen.pdf)

F

Fatty Acids

• The hydrocarbon chains of triglycerides represented as Number of Carbons:Number of Double Bonds
  (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 14:0 - Myristic Acid or tetradecanoic acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 16:0 - Palmitic Acid or hexadecanoic acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 18:0 - Stearic Acid or octadecanoic acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 18:1 - Oleic Acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 18:2 - Linoleic Acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 18:3 - Linolenic Acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 20:0 - Arachidic Acid or eicosanoic acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)
  • 22:1 - Erucic Acid
    (Dec 30, 2007, Chemical properties of biodiesel, http://www3.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html)

Feedgrains

• Feed Grains are Corn, Grain Sorghum, Barley and Oats
  (Aug 06, 2007, USDA Feed Grains, http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/feedgrains03.pdf)

Feedstocks

• A feedstock is a substance used as a raw material in an industrial process
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• The carbon-based wastes which may be gasified and converted into ethanol or electricity using the BRI Process
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)
• The process can operate on such feedstocks as municipal solid waste, corn stover, coal and other hydrocarbons, forest and wood waste, hazardous waste, biosolids, used tires or plastics
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Fermentation

• The biological conversion of biomass. Fermentation is one of many steps in the processing of biomass
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• A biochemical reaction that breaks down complex organic molecules (such as carbohydrates) into simpler materials (such as ethanol, carbon dioxide and water). Bacteria or yeasts can ferment sugars to ethanol
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Flash Point

• "The minimum temperature at which diesel fuel will ignite (flash) on application of an ignition source. Flash point varies inversely with the fuel’s volatility. Minimum flash point temperatures are required for proper safety and handling of diesel fuel."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

Flexible-Fuel Vehicles

• All three major automobile manufacturers produce flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs). These are vehicles that can run on either regular gasoline or fuel mixtures that include up to 85% ethanol. An on-board computer monitors the fuel mixture and automatically adjusts the engine’s carburetion and fuel flow to match the fuel content
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

FOB

• Acronym for 'F'ree 'O'n 'B'oard. Shipping term that indicates that the supplier pays shipping costs from the point of manufacture to a destination where the buyer takes on the responsibility.
  (Jun 22, 2007, FOB Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/2032/FOB.html)

FOG

• Acronym for Fats Oils and Greases, used to refer to kitchen grease
  (Jan 07, 2008, Capture Kitchen Grease, http://www.pdionline.org/Capture%20Kitchen%20Grease%201.pdf)

Forage

• Herbaceous or woody plant material used by livestock for food
  (Jun 22, 2007, DICTIONARY, http://www.riparianbuffers.umd.edu/dictionary.html)
  • Obtained by browsing, grazing or from harvested material
    (Jun 22, 2007, DICTIONARY, http://www.riparianbuffers.umd.edu/dictionary.html)

Forestland

• Land where 10 percent is stocked with forest trees of any size
  (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Includes land that did have this type of tree cover and that will be either artificially or naturally be regenerated
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Includes transition zones or areas between heavily forested and nonforested lands
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Includes forest areas next to urban and built-up lands
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Includes pinyon-juniper and chapparal areas in the West and afforested areas
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Minimum area is one acre
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • To qualify as forest land shelterbelt, roadside, and streamside strips of timber must have a crown with a width of 120 feet
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Unimproved roads and trails, clearings, and streams in forest areas qualify as forest when less than 120 feet in width
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)

Fossil Fuel

• A carbon or hydrocarbon fuel formed in the ground from the remains of dead plants and animals
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• It takes millions of years to form fossil fuels. Oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Gasohol

• Any blend of ethanol and gasoline, though the term most often refers to the 10% ethanol blend
  (Dec 04, 2007, Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues: Open CRS Network - CRS Reports for the People, http://www.opencrs.com/document/RL33290/)

G

Gas Oil

• A hydrocarbon oil with a boiling range and viscosity between kerosene and lubricating oil
  (Jun 10, 2008, gasoil - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://aolsvc.merriam-webster.aol.com/dictionary/gasoil)

Atmospheric Gas Oil

• Gas oil produced during atmospheric distillation of petroleum
  (Jun 05, 2008, Oil Refinery Processes A Brief Overview, http://www.processengr.com/ppt_presentations/oil_refinery_processes.pdf)

Vacuum Gas Oil

• Gas oil produced during vaccuum distillation of petroleum
  (Jun 05, 2008, Oil Refinery Processes A Brief Overview, http://www.processengr.com/ppt_presentations/oil_refinery_processes.pdf)

Coker Gas Oil

• Gas oil produced during coking (thermal cracking) of petroleum
  (Jun 05, 2008, Oil Refinery Processes A Brief Overview, http://www.processengr.com/ppt_presentations/oil_refinery_processes.pdf)

Gas-expanded liquids

• "A flexible solvent whose properties can be adjusted by changing the pressure." For example, "carbon dioxide in methanol. . . When the reaction is over, the pressure is released, allowing the carbon dioxide to separate from the methanol."
  (Jul 31, 2007, High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics, http://www.physorg.com/news77180879.html)

Gasification

• Thermal conversion of any carbon-containing material in the presence of a limited amount of an oxidizing agent
  (Jun 04, 2007, Thermochemical biomass conversion and processes co combustion pyrolysis and gasification, http://folk.ntnu.no/lekangso/kurs2005/presentations/Day4-6_Bio-Energy/4_Skreiberg_combustion.pdf)
  • Process results in an incomplete oxidation of the carbon in the feedstock
    (Jun 04, 2007, Thermochemical biomass conversion and processes co combustion pyrolysis and gasification, http://folk.ntnu.no/lekangso/kurs2005/presentations/Day4-6_Bio-Energy/4_Skreiberg_combustion.pdf)
  • The major product of gasification is syngas
    (Apr 04, 2007, Biomass Program: Biomass Gasification, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/gasification.html)(Mar 07, 2007, GTC - The Technology, http://www.gasification.org/Technology.htm)

    Apr 04, 2007	Biomass Program: Biomass Gasification	http://www1.eere.energy.gov
    Mar 07, 2007	GTC - The Technology	http://www.gasification.org

General Partner

• "A partner with unlimited legal responsibility for the debts and liabilities of a partnership."
  (Mar 25, 2008, general partner Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/2166/general_partner.html)

General Partnership

• "A business partnership featuring two or more partners in which each partner is liable for any debts taken on by the business. Because the partners do not enjoy limited liability, all the partners' assets can be involved in an insolvency case against the company."
  (Mar 25, 2008, limited partnership Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/2818/limited_partnership.html)

Germ

• The reproductive fraction of the corn kernel
  (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)

Global Warming

• The progressive gradual rise of the earth's average surface temperature thought to be caused in part by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

• "A measurement of the impact that particular gas has on 'radiative forcing'; that is, the additional heat/energy which is retained in the Earth's ecosystem through the addition of this gas to the atmosphere. The GWP of a given gas describes its effect on climate change relative to a similar amount of carbon dioxide and is divided into a three-part "time horizon" of twenty, one hundred, and five hundred years. As the base unit, carbon dioxide numeric is 1.0 across each time horizon. This allows the greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto Protocol to be converted to the common unit of CO2 eq."
  (Aug 18, 2007, IETA - International Emissions Trading Association, http://www.ieta.org/ieta/www/pages/index.php?IdSitePage=123)

Glucose

• A simple six-carbon sugar C₆H₁₂O₆
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• A product of hydrolysis of glucans found in cellulose and starch
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Grass Station

• "A theoretical place where cars could fill up with ethanol someday."
  (Dec 10, 2007, How Dictionaries Define Publicity: The Word of the Year - New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/business/media/10oxford.html?_r=1&oref=slogin)
  • Selected 2007 Word of the Year by Webster’s New World Dictionary
    (Dec 10, 2007, How Dictionaries Define Publicity: The Word of the Year - New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/business/media/10oxford.html?_r=1&oref=slogin)

Greenhouse Gases

• Gases which absorb some of the sun’s rays and redistribute them: this radiation in turn meets other gas molecules and the process is repeated, creating a greenhouse effect, trapping heat. Gases causing the greenhouse effect, which is due to human activity, include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), tropospheric ozone (O3), CFCs and HCFCs, compounds which attack the ozone layer
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Green Power

• The term "green power" generally refers to electricity supplied in whole or in part from renewable energy sources
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Greensnap

• Storm induced breakage
  (Jul 13, 2007, Storm induced breakage (greensnap) : Corn Production, http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/corn/production/management/mid/greensnap.html)

Green Washing

• Defined as a scheme that is publicly subsidized, and will not combat climate change nor reduce the causes of climate change
  (Jul 23, 2007, Extreme Genetic Engineering, http://www.etcgroup.org/upload/publication/pdf_file/602)
• Used by civil society critics regarding "Clean Development Mechanism" activity under the Kyoto Protocol
  (Jul 23, 2007, Extreme Genetic Engineering, http://www.etcgroup.org/upload/publication/pdf_file/602)
  • Clean Development rewards polluting companies with emissions credits if these companies invest in clean energy projects in the global South
    (Jul 23, 2007, Extreme Genetic Engineering, http://www.etcgroup.org/upload/publication/pdf_file/602)
    • Northern industries establish energy crop plantations in India
      (Jul 23, 2007, Extreme Genetic Engineering, http://www.etcgroup.org/upload/publication/pdf_file/602)

Growing Degree Days

• Predicts corn maturities that are based on the mean daily temperature during the growing season
  (Jul 23, 2007, Producing Corn for Silage, http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/agr/agr79/agr79.pdf)

Growing Stock

• Live trees from commercial species that meet specified standards
  (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Includes only trees 5 inches in diameter or larger and 4 1/2 feet above ground
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)

Gtoe

• Gtoe (gigaton of oil equivalent) is 1,000,000,000 tons of oil equivalent
  (Feb 01, 2007, Ton of oil equivalent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_of_oil_equivalent)

H

Handysize

• A dry bulk vessel or product tanker with deadweight of about 15,000–35,000 tons
  (Apr 30, 2008, Handysize - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handysize)
  • Handymax is the next size up at 35,000 - 58,000 tons deadweight
    (Apr 30, 2008, Handysize - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handysize)

Heating Value

• The amount of heat produced by combustion of a unit quantity of fuel
  (Mar 15, 2010, Heating Value, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-value-d_824.html)

Higher Heating Value

• Higher heating value is obtained when all products of the combustion are cooled down to the temperature before the combustion and the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed
  (Mar 15, 2010, Heating Value, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-value-d_824.html)
  • Also known as the gross or upper heating value
    (Mar 15, 2010, Heating Value, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-value-d_824.html)

Lower Heating Value

• Lower heating value is obtained when the latent heat of vaporization of the water vapor formed by the combustion is subtracted
  (Mar 15, 2010, Heating Value, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-value-d_824.html)
  • Also known as the net heating value
    (Mar 15, 2010, Heating Value, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-value-d_824.html)

Hemicellulose

• This layer that surrounds the cellulose in plant fibres is a more complex structure of both C5 and C6 sugars
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Heterosis

• Increase in performance of hybrids over those of purebreeds
  (Aug 12, 2009, Hybrid Vigor - Heterosis, http://web.nmsu.edu/~milthoma/HybrdVwb.html)
  • Also known as hybrid vigor
    (Aug 12, 2009, Hybrid Vigor - Heterosis, http://web.nmsu.edu/~milthoma/HybrdVwb.html)

Heterotroph

• Organism that cannot synthesize its own food, needing to obtain food from other sources
  (Jul 17, 2008, Prokaryotes, http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Prokaryotes/prokaryo.htm)

Hog Fuel

• "Hog Fuel is an unprocessed mix of barks and wood fiber. The size of the material varies, but is large enough to take a long time to break down. [Used for] mud control and around construction sites. It drains well and can be used for animal beddings or horse arenas."
  (Feb 29, 2008, Lane Forest Products - Hog Fuel, http://www.laneforestproducts.com/products/index.php?product_id=7)
  • "The name probably comes from the grinding machine used to create it, a 'hog.'"
    (Feb 29, 2008, hog fuel - Wiktionary, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hog_fuel)

Hundredweight (Cwt or cwt)

• "A traditional unit of weight equal to 1/20 ton. The hundredweight is the English version of a commercial unit used throughout Europe and known in other countries as the quintal or the zentner. In general, this unit is larger than 100 pounds avoirdupois, so to fit the European market the hundredweight was defined in England as 112 pounds avoirdupois (about 50.8023 kilograms) rather than 100 pounds. This definition apparently dates from about the middle of the 1300's. The British hundredweight was divided into 4 quarters [1] of 28 pounds, 8 stone of 14 pounds, or 16 cloves of 7 pounds each. In the United States, where the currency was decimalized and there wasn't so much need to align the unit with the quintal and zentner, the hundredweight came to equal exactly 100 pounds (about 45.3592 kilograms). The U.S. hundredweight seems to have been invented by merchants around 1840. To distinguish the two hundredweight units, the British version is often called the long hundredweight and the American is called the short hundredweight or cental. The C in the symbol is of course the Roman numeral 100."
  (Dec 04, 2007, Units: H, http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictH.html)

Hydrocarbon (HC)

• An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. In vehicle emissions, these are usually vapors created from incomplete combustion or from vaporization of liquid gasoline. Emissions of hydrocarbons contribute to ground level ozone
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Hydrocracking

• A high-pressure catalytic process for converting long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain hydrocarbons useful for fuels. Uses hydrogen and the metal component of the catalyst for hydrogenating the substrate and the acidic component of the catalyst to crack the substrate.
  (Jan 09, 2008, McGraw-Hill's AccessScience, http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=328100&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d328100)
  • Isomerization of the substrate also occurs
    (May 13, 2008, OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL - SECTION IV: CHAPTER 2, http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html)

Hydrolysis

• A chemical reaction that in the ethanol production process breaks down starch or cellulose into simple sugars, which are normally linked together in complex chains
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • In ethanol production, hydrolysis reactions are used to break down starch into simple sugars
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • For biomass, enzymes break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into simple sugars
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • One of the steps in converting biomass to fuel
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Income Support

• Farm subsidies. The term 'income support' is primarily used by those who support these programs and policies (e.g. the US Department of Agriculture)

I

Intercropping

• "The agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time
  (Apr 16, 2008, intercropping: Definition and Much More from Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/topic/intercropping)
  • Intercropping is often associated with sustainable agriculture and organic farming
    (Apr 16, 2008, intercropping: Definition and Much More from Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/topic/intercropping)

Iodine Value

• A measure of the total number of double bonds present in fats and oils
  (Dec 28, 2007, Iodine Value Analysis, http://www.brukeroptics.com/foodquality/iodine_value.html)(Dec 28, 2007, Stability of BioDiesel and the 'Iodine Value', http://www.brevardbiodiesel.org/iv.html)

  Dec 28, 2007	Iodine Value Analysis	http://www.brukeroptics.com
  Dec 28, 2007	Stability of BioDiesel and the 'Iodine Value'	http://www.brevardbiodiesel.org

  • Usually expressed as "number of grams of iodine that will react with the double bonds in 100 grams of fats or oils"
    (Dec 28, 2007, Iodine Value Analysis, http://www.brukeroptics.com/foodquality/iodine_value.html)
  • The lower the iodine value the better the diesel fuel
    (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

J

Joule

• International System unit of work or energy
  (Mar 16, 2010, Units: J, http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictJ.html)
  • The work done by one newton of force acting to move an object through a distance of one meter in the direction in which the force is applied
    (Mar 16, 2010, Units: J, http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictJ.html)
  • Heating value of a fuel may be expressed as Megajoules per kilogram or MJ per kg

K

Klason Lignin

• A lignin preparation derived by strong acid degradation of wood
  (Jun 20, 2007, Lignin.org - Dialogue / Newsletters, http://www.lignin.org/01augdialogue.html)
  • Acid removes cellulose, hemicellulose and protein, leaving behind the lignin
    (Nov 20, 2007, Revised methodology for developing model switchgrass compositions, http://search.dartmouth.edu/cs.html?charset=iso-8859-1&url=http%3A//engineering.dartmouth.edu/rbaef/documents/switchgrass.pdf&qt=site%3Aengineering.dartmouth.edu+%7C%7C+switchgrass&col=&n=6&la=en)
  • Method is considered more accurate than acid detergent lignin (ADL) or permangenate lignin methods which tend to underestimate the amount of lignin
    (Nov 20, 2007, Revised methodology for developing model switchgrass compositions, http://search.dartmouth.edu/cs.html?charset=iso-8859-1&url=http%3A//engineering.dartmouth.edu/rbaef/documents/switchgrass.pdf&qt=site%3Aengineering.dartmouth.edu+%7C%7C+switchgrass&col=&n=6&la=en)

L

Lakh

• One lakh equals 100,000
  (Nov 23, 2007, Cotton on the Net - Conversion Factors, http://www.cotton-net.com/information/conversion_factors.php)
  • As in 325 lakh hectares
    (Nov 23, 2007, Cotton on the Net - Conversion Factors, http://www.cotton-net.com/information/conversion_factors.php)

Landed Cost

• Actual cost for an imported item. Cost comprises the vendor cost plus charges for transportation, taxes, duties, and fees.
  (Jun 22, 2007, define:landed cost - Google Search, http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=bDV&defl=en&q=define:landed+cost&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title)

Landfill

• Sites providing high-security storage for hazardous and nonrecoverable waste (final residue from household or industrial waste disposal processes)
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Lignin

• The major noncarbohydrate, polyphenolic structural constituent of wood and other native plant material that encrusts the cell walls and cements the cells together
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Levulinic acid

• "A carboxylic acid containing ketone structure, is a clear to brownish semi-solid melting at 37 C; soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Levulinic acid can be used as an acidulant in foods and beverages. It is used as an intermediate to manufacture synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, pesticides. plastics, rubber, and synthetic fibers. It is used in the manufacture perfumery, food additive, fuel additive, herbicide, solder flux, stabilizer and printing ink. Levulinic acid and its esters are used as platicizers and solvents in polymer, textiles and coatings."
  (Jul 31, 2007, 4-OXOPENTANOIC ACID (LEVULINIC ACID), http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/specialtychem/finechem/4-OXOPENTANOIC%20ACID.htm)

Lignocellulose

• A combination of lignin and cellulose that strengthens woody plant cells
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery

• Facility that uses cellulosic biomass to produce foods, fuels, chemicals, feeds, materials, heat and power in order to maximize economic return
  (Jul 02, 2007, Biomass Energy Date Book, http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb.pdf/Biorefineries.pdf)
  • Represents an advanced lignocellulosic bioethanol production system that produces an array of coproducts
    (Jul 12, 2007, Literature Review State of the Art in Biorefinery Development, http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl)

Limited Liability Company (LLC)

• "A type of company, authorized only in certain states, whose owners and managers receive the limited liability and (usually) tax benefits of an S Corporation without having to conform to the S corporation restrictions."
  (Mar 25, 2008, LLC Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/2853/LLC.html)

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

• "Another name for a Limited Liability Company, often used by professional associations. The partner or investor's liability is limited to the amount he/she has invested in the company."
  (Mar 25, 2008, LLP Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/5637/LLP.html)

Limited Partner

• A partner who is liable only to the extent of his/her investment in the partnership
  (Mar 25, 2008, limited partnership Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/2818/limited_partnership.html)

Limited Partnership

• "A business organization with one or more general partners, who manage the business and assume legal debts and obligations, and one or more limited partners, who are liable only to the extent of their investments. Limited partners also enjoy rights to the partnership's cash flow, but are not liable for company obligations."
  (Mar 25, 2008, limited partnership Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/2818/limited_partnership.html)

Lipid

• Originally defined as biochemical compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and are not soluble in water
  (Jan 12, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges  Interface, http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/12/22/rsif.2009.0322.long)
• Total lipid fraction of algae defined as the total quantity of compounds soluble in a chloroform:methanol solvent mixture
  (Jan 12, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges  Interface, http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/12/22/rsif.2009.0322.long)
  • Based on a method published in 1959, but modified inconsistently since then
    (Jan 12, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges  Interface, http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/12/22/rsif.2009.0322.long)
    • Has led to differing reports on lipid contents
      (Jan 12, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges  Interface, http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/12/22/rsif.2009.0322.long)

Liters vs Gallons

• To convert from liters to gallons, simply multiply the liters by 0.26.
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Moving from gallons to liters multiply the gallons by 3.79.
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Lower Heating Value (LHV)

• Does not include latent heat of vaporization in the heat energy value for a fuel
  (Aug 13, 2007, Ethanol's Energy Return on Investment A Survey of the Literature 1990 to present, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/estreviewofethanollca.pdf)

Lodging

• Term used when the crop canopy becomes flattened by heavy rains. Often triggered by severe weather at the soft dough stage. The problem is a combination of heavy heads and weak stems. Modern breeding increases stem strength
  (Jul 13, 2007, Glossary, http://www.wheatbp.net/glossary.htm)

Luvisols

• Soils with a clay-rich subsoil compared to the topsoil
  (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
  • Most commonly found in flat or gently sloping land occurring in warm regions with wet and dry seasons and in cool temperate regions
    (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
    • When found on steep slopes, erosion control is required
      (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
  • Extend over 500 to 600 million hectares of the world
    (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
    • Found in the United States, the Russian Federation, Central Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern Australia
      (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
  • Most are fertile and can be used in agriculture
    (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
    • In temperate areas used to grow sugarbeet, small grains and fodder
      (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
    • On sloping areas used to grow forests, orchards or for grazing
      (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)
  • High silt content luvisol soils are subject to deterioration when tilled when wet or tilled with heavy machinery
    (Sep 04, 2008, World Reference Base for Soil Resource 2006, ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf)

M

Margin of Safety

• A measurement of risk. The ratio of the amount of whatever is being studied that is needed to have a negative or toxic effect to the amount needed to provide a beneficial effect
  (Jul 13, 2007, Product Safety Testing Glossary, http://www.kids4research.org/info_pages/Product%20Safety/product_safety_testing_glossary.htm)(Jul 13, 2007, Cosmetics Are Safe, http://www.cosmeticsaresafe.org/casglossary.htm)

  Jul 13, 2007	Product Safety Testing Glossary	http://www.kids4research.org
  Jul 13, 2007	Cosmetics Are Safe	http://www.cosmeticsaresafe.org

Market Capitalization

• "Market capitalization (aka market cap, mkt cap or capitalized value) is a measurement of corporate or economic size equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding of a public company."
  (Mar 05, 2008, Market capitalization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization)

Marketing Bill

• "The portion of the food dollar that is not related to the farm value of raw materials."
  (May 27, 2008, Analysis of Potential Causes of Consumer Food Price Inflation, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/facts/food/documents/Informa_Renew_Fuels_Study_Dec_2007.pdf)
  • "Marketing bill includes labor, packaging, transportation, energy, profits, advertising, depreciation, rent, interest, repairs, business taxes, and other costs"
    (May 27, 2008, Analysis of Potential Causes of Consumer Food Price Inflation, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/facts/food/documents/Informa_Renew_Fuels_Study_Dec_2007.pdf)
  • Generally more strongly correlated with the food Consumer Price Index than the price of corn
    (May 27, 2008, Analysis of Potential Causes of Consumer Food Price Inflation, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/facts/food/documents/Informa_Renew_Fuels_Study_Dec_2007.pdf)

Maturity

• The point when the corn kernel reaches its maximum weight
  (Jul 13, 2007, Interpreting Hybrid Maturity Ratings (Purdue Univ.), http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/articles.02/Hybrid_Maturity-0506.html)

Melt Point

• "The temperature at which the oil in solid form starts to melt or pour. In cases where the temperatures fall below the melt point, the entire fuel system including all fuel lines and fuel tank will need to be heated."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)
  • Also known as pour point
    (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

Methanation

• Catalytic process for producing methane from carbon oxides and hydrogen
  (Oct 13, 2009, Lurgi's Methanation Technology for Production of SNG from Coal, http://www.gasification.org/Docs/Conferences/2008/12BERGER.pdf)
  • Reaction with carbon monoxide is CO + 3H₂ → CH₄ + H₂O
    (Oct 13, 2009, Catalytic Methanation, http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/C00898.pdf)
  • Reaction with carbon dioxide is CO₂ + 4H₂ → CH₄ + 2H₂O
    (Oct 13, 2009, Lurgi's Methanation Technology for Production of SNG from Coal, http://www.gasification.org/Docs/Conferences/2008/12BERGER.pdf)

Methane

• A colorless flammable gas, which can be created by the decomposition of carbon-based materials
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Methyl-Tertiary Butyl Ester (MTBE)

• A fuel oxygenate made from petroleum. It does not biodegrade and can contaminate groundwater
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Mg

• A Megagram. One million grams or one tonne
  (Jan 23, 2008, Kilogram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram)

MTBE

• Methyl t-butyl ether - an oxygenate additive in gasoline. One of the main benefits of fuel ethanol is that it can replace the use of MTBE in gasoline
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Mtoe

• Mtoe (megatone of oil equivalent) is 1,000,000 tons of oil equivalent
  (Feb 01, 2007, Ton of oil equivalent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_of_oil_equivalent)

Mu

• A Chinese unit of measure equivilant to 797.3 sq yards or ~0.1647 acres
  (Dec 31, 2007, Chinese units of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement)
• One mu is 0.0667 hectares
  (Dec 21, 2007, My biological liquid fuel production status and pr-Shangqiu City Jin-chen environmental protection ma-Shangqiu City Jin-chen environmental protection ma, http://www.sqjinchen.net/english/news.asp?NewsId=132)

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

• Any organic matter, including sewage, industrial, and commercial wastes, from municipal waste collection systems
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • Municipal waste does not include agricultural and wood wastes or residues
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
  • MSW is one potential raw material that can be used to produce ethanol
    (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• The solid wastes (trash or garbage) generated by communities and collected by their sanitation departments or waste management contractors. America generates some 240 million tons of MSW per year. MSW consists of everyday items such as product packaging, newspapers, food scraps, yard wastes, plastics, bottles, paint and batteries. Carbon-based wastes comprise more than 80% of these materials. MSW does not include medical, commercial and industrial hazardous or radioactive wastes, which must be treated separately
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

N

Near-critical water

• A separation system that uses "water at 250 to 300 degrees Celsius under pressure [where it] separates into acid and base components that can be used to dissolve both organic and inorganic chemicals. When the pressure is removed, the water returns to its normal properties."
  (Jul 31, 2007, High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics, http://www.physorg.com/news77180879.html)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

• product of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient air, and the major component of photochemical smog
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Nucleosomes

• Complex of DNA and histone proteins that compact DNA and regulate the transcription or expression of the DNA
  (Jan 13, 2010, RCSB Protein Data Bank : Molecule of the Month - Nucleosome, http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb7_1.html)
  • Controls transcription of DNA by modulating the ability of transcription factors to access elements that these factors bind to begin the process of expression of a gene
    (Jan 12, 2010, H2A.Z-Containing Nucleosomes Mediate the Thermosensory Response in Arabidopsis, http://download.cell.com/mmcs/journals/0092-8674/PIIS0092867409014184.mmc1.pdf)

O

Octane Number

RON (F1) or Research Octane Number

• Fuel performance measured with a standardized single cylinder, variable compression ratio engine, under low severity engine performance at 600 rpm
  (Apr 05, 2007, FCC Octane MON Versus RON, http://www.refiningonline.com/engelhardkb/crep/TCR4_29.htm)

MON (F2) or Motor Octane Number

• Fuel performance measured with a standardized single cylinder, variable compression ratio engine, under high severity engine performance that mimics high speed or high load, at 900 rpm
  (Apr 05, 2007, FCC Octane MON Versus RON, http://www.refiningonline.com/engelhardkb/crep/TCR4_29.htm)

(RON+MON)/2

• Practice of reporting octane of a fuel such as gasoline
  (Apr 05, 2007, FCC Octane MON Versus RON, http://www.refiningonline.com/engelhardkb/crep/TCR4_29.htm)

OECD

• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
  (Jan 20, 2010, Web address OECD, http://www.oecd.org/)
  • Web: http://www.oecd.org
    (Jan 20, 2010, Web address OECD, http://www.oecd.org/)

Oilseeds

• Oilseeds are soybeans, sunflower seed, rapeseed, canola, safflower, flaxseed, and mustard seed
  (Dec 04, 2007, No title, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ171.107)

Olefin

• Unsaturated hydrocarbon with one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by a double bond
  (Jan 01, 2010, olefin (chemical compound) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15710/olefin)
  • Acyclic monoolefins with the general formula C_nH_2n are formed during cracking of petroleum oils to form gasoline
    (Jan 01, 2010, olefin (chemical compound) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15710/olefin)
    • Monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene are the basis for the petrochemicals industry
      (Jan 01, 2010, olefin (chemical compound) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15710/olefin)
  • Acyclic diolefins or acyclic dialkenes such as butadiene and isoprene are used in the production of synthetic rubber
    (Jan 01, 2010, olefin (chemical compound) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15710/olefin)
  • Also known as an alkene
    (Jan 01, 2010, olefin (chemical compound) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15710/olefin)

Oxygenate

• A compound which contains oxygen in its molecular structure. Ethanol and biodiesel act as oxygenates when they are blended with conventional fuels
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)(Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

  Feb 01, 2007	BRI Energy: Public Policy	http://www.brienergy.com
  Feb 01, 2007	Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms	http://biomass.novozymes.com

• Oxygenated fuel improves combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of CO
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)(Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

  Feb 01, 2007	BRI Energy: Public Policy	http://www.brienergy.com
  Feb 01, 2007	Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms	http://biomass.novozymes.com

Ozone

• A compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. In the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at ground level, ozone is called photochemical smog, and is a respiratory irritant and considered a pollutant
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

P

Partnership

• "A type of unincorporated business organization in which multiple individuals, called general partners, manage the business and are equally liable for its debts; other individuals called limited partners may invest but not be directly involved in management and are liable only to the extent of their investments. Unlike a Limited Liability Company or a corporation, in a partnership each partner shares equal responsibility for the company's profits and losses, and its debts and liabilities."
  (Mar 25, 2008, partnership Definition, http://www.investorwords.com/3609/partnership.html)

Permanganate Lignin

• Acid detergent lignin is dissolved with a potassium permanagnate solution
  (Nov 20, 2007, Revised methodology for developing model switchgrass compositions, http://search.dartmouth.edu/cs.html?charset=iso-8859-1&url=http%3A//engineering.dartmouth.edu/rbaef/documents/switchgrass.pdf&qt=site%3Aengineering.dartmouth.edu+%7C%7C+switchgrass&col=&n=6&la=en)
  • A cellulose-rich fraction remains
    (Nov 20, 2007, Revised methodology for developing model switchgrass compositions, http://search.dartmouth.edu/cs.html?charset=iso-8859-1&url=http%3A//engineering.dartmouth.edu/rbaef/documents/switchgrass.pdf&qt=site%3Aengineering.dartmouth.edu+%7C%7C+switchgrass&col=&n=6&la=en)
  • Fraction of Permanganate Lignin (PL) is defined as the (ADF sample-PL residue)/ADF sample
    (Nov 20, 2007, Revised methodology for developing model switchgrass compositions, http://search.dartmouth.edu/cs.html?charset=iso-8859-1&url=http%3A//engineering.dartmouth.edu/rbaef/documents/switchgrass.pdf&qt=site%3Aengineering.dartmouth.edu+%7C%7C+switchgrass&col=&n=6&la=en)

Petawatt

• One Petawatt (PW) is equivalent to one quadrillion watts or one trillion kW
  (Jan 18, 2007, Poop to Power or How to Learn to Love Manure, http://www.state.co.us/oemc/presentations/060125-manure.pdf)

Petroleum

• Any petroleum-based substance comprising a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, including motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents and used oil
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Plasmodesmata

• Channels in plants that facilitate communication and transport between individual cells
  (Sep 24, 2007, Plasmodesmata - definition from Biology-Online.org, http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Plasmodesmata)(Sep 24, 2007, Water and Mineral Transport, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/X/Xylem.html)

  Sep 24, 2007	Plasmodesmata - definition from Biology-Online.org	http://www.biology-online.org
  Sep 24, 2007	Water and Mineral Transport	http://users.rcn.com

Polyploidy

• Situation where an organism contains more than the usual two sets of chromosomes
  (Jul 18, 2008, Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/ranney/polyploidy.htm)
  • Has played a significant role in plant evolution
    (Jul 18, 2008, Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/ranney/polyploidy.htm)

Polysaccharide

• A carbohydrate consisting of a large number of linked simple sugar, or monosaccharide, units
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Examples of polysaccharides are cellulose and starch
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Pour Point

• "The temperature at which the oil in solid form starts to melt or pour. In cases where the temperatures fall below the melt point, the entire fuel system including all fuel lines and fuel tank will need to be heated."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)
  • Also known as melt point
    (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

Product Inhibition

• Product inhibition occurs when microorganisms producing ethanol are no longer able to ferment after a certain level of ethanol is reached
  (Jun 21, 2010, Ethanol Recovery from Fermentation Broth via Carbon Dioxide Stripping and Adsorption† - Energy & Fuels (ACS Publications), http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef901130q)
  • This phenomenon can be severe when lignocellulosic biomass is used to produce ethanol because microorganisms involved in this process are less tolerant to ethanol
    (Jun 21, 2010, Ethanol Recovery from Fermentation Broth via Carbon Dioxide Stripping and Adsorption† - Energy & Fuels (ACS Publications), http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef901130q)

Pyrolysis

• Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of an oxidant
  (Jun 04, 2007, Thermochemical biomass conversion and processes co combustion pyrolysis and gasification, http://folk.ntnu.no/lekangso/kurs2005/presentations/Day4-6_Bio-Energy/4_Skreiberg_combustion.pdf)
• The process, which requires heat, produces a primarily bio-oil along with a mixture of combustible gases and solid residues. Pyrolysis and thermal gasification are related technologies
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)(Jun 04, 2007, Thermochemical biomass conversion and processes co combustion pyrolysis and gasification, http://folk.ntnu.no/lekangso/kurs2005/presentations/Day4-6_Bio-Energy/4_Skreiberg_combustion.pdf)

  Feb 01, 2007	BRI Energy: Public Policy	http://www.brienergy.com
  Jun 04, 2007	Thermochemical biomass conversion and processes co combustion pyrolysis and gasification	http://folk.ntnu.no

Q

Quad

• Unit of energy equal to 10¹⁵ (one quadrillion) Btu
  (Mar 16, 2010, Units: Q, http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictQ.html)

R

Reformulated gasoline

• "Gasoline blended to burn cleaner and reduce smog-forming and toxic pollutants in the air we breathe. The Clean Air Act requires that RFG be used in cities with the worst smog pollution to reduce harmful emissions of ozone. The Act also specified that RFG contain oxygen - 2 percent by weight. MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) and ethanol are the two most commonly used substances that add oxygen to gasoline. Oil companies decide which substance to use to meet the law's requirements."
  (Dec 04, 2007, Reformulated Gas | US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg.htm)

Rendering

• "A cooking and drying process that yields both edible and inedible fats of varying grades, and animal and poultry protein meals."
  (Dec 30, 2007, Animal Disposal - Dr. Don Franco, http://www.rendermagazine.com/pages/AnimalDisposal.htm)

Renewable Diesel

• Fuel produced from biological materials using thermal depolymerization.
  (Jan 08, 2008, What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel, http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Co-Processing%20One%20Pager.pdf)
• Meets fuel specification standards ASTM D975 for petroleum diesel fuel or ASTM D396 for home heating oil.
  (Jan 08, 2008, What are Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, and CoProcessed Renewable Diesel, http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Co-Processing%20One%20Pager.pdf)

Renewable Energy Source

• “Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action.” - from EIA
  (Aug 06, 2007, Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Bob-Biogenic Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/smg/asa_meeting_2007/spring/files/allocatingwaste.pdf)
  • Definition is based on the primary source of energy
    (Aug 06, 2007, Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Bob-Biogenic Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/smg/asa_meeting_2007/spring/files/allocatingwaste.pdf)
    • Others define “renewable” as any recurring waste stream."
      (Aug 06, 2007, Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Bob-Biogenic Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/smg/asa_meeting_2007/spring/files/allocatingwaste.pdf)

Residue

• Unused solid or liquid by-products of a process
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

S

Safener

• Additive provided with herbicide that accelerate the breakdown of the herbicide in crop plants
  (Jul 14, 2009, Agrocourier.com - Safener - Crop plant or weed: Safeners can tell the difference!, http://www.agrocourier.com/bayer/cropscience/cscms.nsf/id/Safener_Agro?Open&ccm=100060000&L=Agro&markedcolor=%23003399)
  • Based on enzyme variants present in the crop plants when compared to the weeds that are the targets of the herbicides
    (Jul 14, 2009, Agrocourier.com - Safener - Crop plant or weed: Safeners can tell the difference!, http://www.agrocourier.com/bayer/cropscience/cscms.nsf/id/Safener_Agro?Open&ccm=100060000&L=Agro&markedcolor=%23003399)

Salt Priming

• Practice that helps to establish plants in fields with high soil salinity
  (Aug 08, 2009, Technical Information, http://www.nypa.com.au/R&D.html)
  • Plants are gradually exposed to high levels of salt before planting in the field
    (Aug 08, 2009, Technical Information, http://www.nypa.com.au/R&D.html)
  • Has been used on rhizomes
    (Aug 08, 2009, Technical Information, http://www.nypa.com.au/R&D.html)

Sawtimber

• Live trees from commercial species that contain at least one 12-foot sawlog
  (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Alternatively may contain two noncontiguous 8 foot sawlogs
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Must meet regional specifications in reference to defects
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
• Softwood trees must be at least 9 inches in diameter and 4 1/2 feet above ground
  (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
• Hardwood trees must be at least 11 inches in diameter and 4 1/2 feet above ground
  (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)

Sclerenchyma

• Plant cells with very thick walls that are built up in a uniform layer around the cell margin
  (Aug 02, 2007, Plant Tissues, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantTissues.html)
  • Cells give mechanical support to other cell types
    (Aug 02, 2007, Plant Tissues, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantTissues.html)
  • Consist of two groups of cells, fibers and sclereids
    (Aug 02, 2007, Botany online: Supporting Tissues - Conducting Tissues, http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e06/06.htm#scleren)

Silage

• Livestock feed produced by fermentation of a forage, crop or agricultural byproduct
  (Jun 22, 2007, Basic Principles, http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/pr_silage/basic_principles.htm)
  • Has greater than 50% moisture content
    (Jun 22, 2007, Basic Principles, http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/pr_silage/basic_principles.htm)
  • Production process is called ensiling
    (Jun 22, 2007, Basic Principles, http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/pr_silage/basic_principles.htm)
  • Process is generally performed in a silo
    (Jun 22, 2007, Basic Principles, http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/pr_silage/basic_principles.htm)

SRIC

• Short rotation intensive culture - "Intensive management and harvesting at 2 to 10 year intervals of cycles of specially selected fast- growing hardwood species for the purpose of producing wood as an energy feedstock."
  (Jul 31, 2007, Definition: short rotation intensive culture from Online Medical Dictionary, http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?short+rotation+intensive+culture)

Stacking

• Multiple traits in one seed
  (Jul 13, 2007, Monsanto.com - Corn Products, http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/layout/products/seeds_genomics/corn.asp)

Steam Reforming

• A two-step chemical process in which hydocarbons are reduced to CO₂ and H₂
  (Mar 19, 2008, Steam Reforming, http://www.linde-engineering.com/process_plants/hydrogen_syngas_plants/gas_generation/steam_reforming.php)
• In the first reaction hydrocarbons are exposed to steam to form H₂ and CO
  (Mar 19, 2008, Steam Reforming, http://www.linde-engineering.com/process_plants/hydrogen_syngas_plants/gas_generation/steam_reforming.php)
  • C_nH_m + nH₂O → nCO + (n+m/2)H₂
    (Mar 19, 2008, Steam Reforming, http://www.linde-engineering.com/process_plants/hydrogen_syngas_plants/gas_generation/steam_reforming.php)
• In the second, water gas shift reaction, CO combines with steam to produce CO₂ and H₂
  (Mar 19, 2008, Steam Reforming, http://www.linde-engineering.com/process_plants/hydrogen_syngas_plants/gas_generation/steam_reforming.php)
  • CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂
    (Mar 19, 2008, Steam Reforming, http://www.linde-engineering.com/process_plants/hydrogen_syngas_plants/gas_generation/steam_reforming.php)

Stillage

• The material remaining after producing ethanol from corn. Contains water, protein, fat, fiber, and ash
  (Jul 31, 2007, FarmWeek, http://farmweek.ilfb.org/viewdocument.asp?did=10333&r=0.2325403&r=0.9860193&r=0.7325251)
• Residue from the bottom of a still after fermentation
  (Jul 10, 2007, Design and Construction of a Proposed Fuel Ethanol Plant Jasper County IN, http://www.eh.doe.gov/nepa/ea/EA1517/EA-1517.pdf)

Stover

• The dried stalks and leaves of a crop remaining after the grain has been harvested
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)
• Stover is an agricultural waste, one type of raw material that can be used to produce ethanol
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Substrate

• A substance acted upon by an enzyme
  (Feb 01, 2007, Novozymes Biomass | Info centre | Biomass terms, http://biomass.novozymes.com/biomass-terms)

Supercritical fluids

• Any substance heated under pressure to at or above its critical point
  (Jun 04, 2007, Supercritical Fluid Processing for Renewable Energy, http://www.econ.iastate.edu/outreach/agriculture/programs/2001_Renewable_Energy_Symposium/Aurand.pdf)
  • The critical point is the temperature and pressure above which the liquid and gas phases of a substance become indistinguishable
    (Jun 01, 2007, General Chemistry Online: Glossary:, http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/c.shtml)
• Supercritical fluids have characteristics of both liquids and gases
  (Jun 04, 2007, Supercritical Fluid Processing for Renewable Energy, http://www.econ.iastate.edu/outreach/agriculture/programs/2001_Renewable_Energy_Symposium/Aurand.pdf)
• For example, "carbon dioxide under high pressure simplif[ies] separation processes. Separation of the carbon dioxide from chemicals dissolved in it requires only that the pressure be reduced, allowing the CO₂ to return to its gaseous state."
  (Jul 31, 2007, High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics, http://www.physorg.com/news77180879.html)

Symplast

• The cytoplasm of plant cells. A pathway for solute transport.
  (Sep 24, 2007, Water and Mineral Transport, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/X/Xylem.html)

  Reference Not Available
  Sep 24, 2007	Water and Mineral Transport	http://users.rcn.com

Syngas

• Mixture of primarily CO and H₂ produced by gasification of almost any carbon-based compound which can be converted to many products
  (Jul 12, 2007, Technical and Economic Assessment of Synthesis Gas to Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass Derived Syngas, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/34929.pdf)(May 30, 2007, Ethanol Producer Magazine, http://ethanolproducer.com/article-print.jsp?article_id=2299)

  Jul 12, 2007	Technical and Economic Assessment of Synthesis Gas to Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass Derived Syngas	http://www1.eere.energy.gov
  May 30, 2007	Ethanol Producer Magazine	http://ethanolproducer.com

• Also known as synthesis gas
  (Jul 12, 2007, Technical and Economic Assessment of Synthesis Gas to Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass Derived Syngas, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/34929.pdf)

Synthetic Biology

• Design and construction of new biological systems, devices and parts that do not exist in the natural world
  (Mar 15, 2010, Synthetic Biology, http://syntheticbiology.org/)
• The genetic engineering of an organism such that it is able to execute a biochemical pathway or pathways that it does not normally perform; the genetic components that underlie the pathway are reconstructed from another organism or organisms
  • Focuses on whole systems of genes and gene products, rather than on individual genes
    (Mar 15, 2010, Bio Building Basics: A Conceptual Instruction Manual for Synthetic Biology, http://openwetware.org/images/f/f9/IGEM_Student_Book.pdf)

Syringol

• "Syringol is a dimethyl ether of pyrogallol. It is slightly soluble in water. It is combustible, with flash point of 140 °C. Together with guaiacol, syringol (and its derivates) is a characteristic product of pyrolysis of lignin. Its presence in smoke is characteristical for wood smoke. In preparation of food by smoking, syringol is the main chemical responsible for the smoky aroma, while guaiacol contributes mainly to taste." A product of some biorefineries.
  (Jul 31, 2007, syringol: Information from Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/topic/syringol)(Jul 31, 2007, High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics, http://www.physorg.com/news77180879.html)

  Jul 31, 2007	syringol: Information from Answers.com	http://www.answers.com
  Jul 31, 2007	High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics	http://www.physorg.com

Syrup

• The liquid residue from fermentation of endosperm or condensed distiller solubles
  (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)
  • As opposed dried distillers grains, the solid residue from fermentation of endosperm
    (Aug 30, 2007, Composition and Nutritive Value of Corn Fractions and Ethanol Co Products Resulting from a New Dry Milling Process, http://ars.sdstate.edu/extbeef/2005/Beef_2005-12_Kleinhans.pdf)

T

Test Weight

• Test weight equals pounds of grain per Winchester bushel (2150.42 in3). For greatest accuracy samples are measured soon after harvest. Test weight can change over time
  (Jul 13, 2007, Corn Seed, Seed Corn Company, Hybrid Corn, Corn Yields, ICORN.com, http://icorn.com/def_testweight.aspx)(May 09, 2008, Calculating Nutrient Removal Rates of Crops, http://www.ipni.net/ppiweb/usanc.nsf/87cb8a98bf72572b8525693e0053ea70/fd4196ed5dccd29586256f90005edd73/$FILE/01CalculatingRemovalRates.pdf)

  Jul 13, 2007	Corn Seed, Seed Corn Company, Hybrid Corn, Corn Yields, ICORN.com	http://icorn.com
  May 09, 2008	Calculating Nutrient Removal Rates of Crops	http://www.ipni.net

Thermochemical Conversion

• Conversion of biomass to fuels using heat and chemical processes
  (Jul 02, 2007, Biorefineries Coproduction of Fuels Chemicals Power and Materials for Biomass, http://www.biorefinery.nl/fileadmin/biorefinery/docs/Final_Description_IEA_Task_on_Biorefineries.pdf)
  • Conversion of biomass yields a primary separation into products and intermediates
    (Jul 02, 2007, Biorefineries Coproduction of Fuels Chemicals Power and Materials for Biomass, http://www.biorefinery.nl/fileadmin/biorefinery/docs/Final_Description_IEA_Task_on_Biorefineries.pdf)
  • Conversion of intermediates yields additional products and intermediates
    (Jul 02, 2007, Biorefineries Coproduction of Fuels Chemicals Power and Materials for Biomass, http://www.biorefinery.nl/fileadmin/biorefinery/docs/Final_Description_IEA_Task_on_Biorefineries.pdf)
• For ethanol, conversion of biomass into synthesis gas (syngas), followed by catalytic conversion of the syngas into alcohols or other fuels
  (Mar 15, 2010, State Bioenergy Primer - Information and Resources for States on Issues, Opportunities, and Options for Advancing Bioenergy, http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P10054EM.PDF)
• A list of thermochemical processes can be found at Thermochemical Processes

Timberland

• Forest land that produces or can produce industrial wood crops
  (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Land is not withdrawn for timber use by statute or administrative regulation
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Land must have the capability to produce more than 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial wood from stands that are natural
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)
  • Includes (as of Jan 1, 2003) inaccessible and inoperable areas
    (Sep 25, 2007, Agricultural Conservation and Forestry Statistics, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch12.PDF)

Tipping Fees

• In contrast with many other energy technologies that require fuel to be purchased, facilities that produce electricity from municipal solid wastes are paid by the feedstock suppliers to take the fuel. This payment is known as a "tipping fee". The tipping fee is comparable to the fee charged to dispose of garbage at a landfill
  (Feb 01, 2007, BRI Energy: Public Policy, http://www.brienergy.com/pages/policy01.html)

Toe

• Toe is ton of oil equivalent is a unit for measuring energy. Represents the amount of energy that would be produced by burning one metric ton of crude oil
  (Feb 01, 2007, Ton of oil equivalent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_of_oil_equivalent)
• Commonly used for large amounts of energy
  (Feb 01, 2007, Ton of oil equivalent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_of_oil_equivalent)
• Two definitions are provided in the literature
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• 1 toe = 10 to the 10 cal = 41.868 GJ = 39.68 MBtu
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)
• 1 toe = 1.07 x 10 to the 10 cal (thermochemical) = 44.769 GJ = 42.46 MBtu (thermochemical)
  (Feb 01, 2007, Energy Units, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm)

Transgene

• A gene taken from one organism and transferred into another by genetic engineering
  (Nov 12, 2007, GreenFacts.org - Facts on Environmental Matters, http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/index.htm)

Transpiration

• Release of water from plant leaves
  (Jul 31, 2008, The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration, from USGS Water Science for Schools, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html)
  • Accounts for more than 90% of the water loss in plants
    (Aug 12, 2009, Development of Drought-Tolerant Canola (Brassica napus L.) through Genetic Modulation of ABA-mediated Stomatal Responses -- Wan et al. 49 (5): 1539 -- Crop Science, http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/5/1539?etoc)

Transuranic

• Having a higher atomic number than uranium (92)

Triglyceride

• Molecule in which glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids, one on each of the glycerol alcohol (OH) groups
  (Mar 16, 2010, Triglyceride, What is Triglyceride? About its Science, Chemistry and Structure, http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=320)
  • Main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats
    (Mar 16, 2010, Triglyceride, What is Triglyceride? About its Science, Chemistry and Structure, http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=320)

Triple Bottom Line

• A corporate notion of sustainability that takes into account people, planet and profit
  (Nov 16, 2007, Triple bottom line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bottom_line)

U

Unit Train

• About 95 train cars moving from a single origin to a single destination. Rates for unit trains can be as much as $1,200 less per car than single car transport
  (Jul 31, 2007, Rising Ethanol Production Could Be Hindered by Transportation Infrastructure, http://www.biofuelsjournal.com/articles/Rising_Ethanol_Production_Could_Be_Hindered_by_Transportation_Infrastructure_____07_04_2007-45762.html)

V

Vanillin

• "A white or yellowish crystalline compound, C₈H₈O₃, found in vanilla beans and certain balsams and resins and used in perfumes, flavorings, and pharmaceuticals."
  (Jul 31, 2007, vanillin: Definition and Much More from Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/vanillin?cat=health)(Jul 31, 2007, High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics, http://www.physorg.com/news77180879.html)

  Jul 31, 2007	vanillin: Definition and Much More from Answers.com	http://www.answers.com
  Jul 31, 2007	High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics	http://www.physorg.com

• A product of some biorefineries.
  (Jul 31, 2007, vanillin: Definition and Much More from Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/vanillin?cat=health)(Jul 31, 2007, High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics, http://www.physorg.com/news77180879.html)

  Jul 31, 2007	vanillin: Definition and Much More from Answers.com	http://www.answers.com
  Jul 31, 2007	High-value chemicals produced from ethanol feedstocks could boost biorefinery economics	http://www.physorg.com

Vinasse

• "The residual liquid from the distillation of alcoholic liquors, specifically, that remaining from the fermentation and distillation of beet-sugar [and cane-sugar] molasses, valuable as yielding potassium salts, ammonia, etc."
  (Jul 09, 2008, vinasse, http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?langcode=en&cp=8969)
  • "The residue left in a still after the process of distillation."
    (Jul 09, 2008, vinasse. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000., http://www.bartleby.com/61/41/V0104100.html)
  • See also vinasse

Viscosity

• "The thickness of the oil, determined by measuring the amount of time taken for a given measure of oil to pass through an orifice of a specified size. Viscosity affects injector lubrication and fuel atomization. Fuels with low viscosity may not provide sufficient lubrication for the precision fit of fuel injection pumps, resulting in leakage or increased wear. Fuel atomization is also affected by fuel viscosity. Diesel fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger droplets on injection which can cause poor combustion, increased exhaust smoke and emissions."
  (Dec 29, 2007, Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel - Info, Reference, WWW Resources on Castoroil as Bio-fuel, Bio-diesel, Biofuels Directory, http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html)

W

Water Gas Shift

• A chemical reaction in which CO is reacted with steam to produce CO₂ and H₂
  (Mar 20, 2008, Biological Water Gas Shift Conversion of Carbon Monoxide to Hydrogen, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35592.pdf)
  • CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂
    (Mar 20, 2008, Biological Water Gas Shift Conversion of Carbon Monoxide to Hydrogen, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35592.pdf)

White Biotechnology

• The application of biotechnology, in particular the use of microorganisms and enzymes, to industrial biotechnology for the generation of easily degradable products
  (Jun 19, 2007, White biotechnology, http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n9/full/embor928.html)

Windrow

• A row of hay or small grain that has been cut and allowed to dry before processing

X

Xylose

• A five carbon sugar found in the xylan rich fraction of hemicellulose
  (Oct 08, 2007, D-xylose - Danisco A/S, http://www.danisco.com/cms/connect/corporate/products%20and%20services/product%20range/sweeteners/d%20xylose/d_xylose_en.htm)
  • Also called wood sugar
    (Oct 08, 2007, D-xylose - Danisco A/S, http://www.danisco.com/cms/connect/corporate/products%20and%20services/product%20range/sweeteners/d%20xylose/d_xylose_en.htm)
  • Hemicellulose is found in plant cell walls and fiber
    (Oct 08, 2007, D-xylose - Danisco A/S, http://www.danisco.com/cms/connect/corporate/products%20and%20services/product%20range/sweeteners/d%20xylose/d_xylose_en.htm)

Z

Zamak

• Acronym for "zinc, aluminum, magnesium and copper", a zinc alloy
  (Jul 27, 2010, Zinc Alloys - Zinc Diecasting, http://www.diecastingzinc.com/zinc_alloy.html)
  • Used in the zinc die casting process
    (Jul 27, 2010, Zinc Alloys - Zinc Diecasting, http://www.diecastingzinc.com/zinc_alloy.html)
• Zamak 5 is used in automotive and small-engine applications
  (Jul 27, 2010, Zamak and Zinc Alloy Benefits - Inventix Manufacturing, http://www.inventix.com/zinc-die-casting/zamak-benefits.php)

References [hide]